‘Indo-Pacific’ strategy faces hurdles

Smaller South Asian nations rebuff US attempts to make them take sides against China

Some media reports on the possibility of Nepal joining the US’ State Partnership Program triggered speculation about a likely “military alliance” between Washington and Kathmandu. But the storm faded soon after the Nepalese government formally said “no” to the United States recently.

The State Partnership Program is a US Defense Department program managed by the National Guard that links US states with partner countries around the world for the purpose of supporting the security cooperation objectives of the US’ Unified Combatant Command.

For a long time, relatively small South Asian countries such as Nepal were not on Washington’s strategic radar, especially in terms of military cooperation. However, in recent years, the Pentagon has spread its tentacles into such countries. This reflects not only the expanse of Washington’s “Indo-Pacific” strategy but also its targeting of China as a competitor.

The Donald Trump administration made the “Indo-Pacific” strategy a top priority, because for the US, security comes first, the economy second. This was evident from the 2019 “Indo-Pacific” strategy report which was published by the Pentagon, rather than the State Department.

In the report, the Pentagon proposed a “3-P strategy” — Preparedness, Partnerships, and Promoting a Networked Region. The US thus proposed to “seek emerging partnerships with Sri Lanka, Maldives, Bangladesh and Nepal”.

Since then, the Pentagon has increased defense cooperation with those relatively small countries, including providing military training and equipment assistance for some of them. However, the overall result of the Pentagon’s move has been poor, because Bangladesh and Sri Lanka rejected the State Partnership Program for various reasons.

The US succeeded in part by starting talks with Sri Lanka on a “Visiting Forces Agreement” and signed a “Framework for Defense and Security

Relations” with the Maldives.

Perhaps encouraged by this, the Trump administration declassified the “Indo-Pacific Strategic Framework” document before leaving office. The document stresses the necessity of making Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and the Maldives “emerging partners” in South Asia.

This February, after more than a year’s deliberation, the Joe Biden administration issued its version of the “Indo-Pacific” strategy, which it claimed will become a cornerstone document, reshaping the direction of the strategy in the next decade. To address the “China challenge”, the document aims to strengthen the US’ position and investment in the “Indo-Pacific” and pay attention to every corner of the region.

But unlike the “Trump version”, the “Biden version” does not name any small South Asian country; it just refers to “South Asian partners”.

It should not be assumed that the US no longer attaches importance to small South Asian countries in security terms. It is more likely a deliberate lowering of expectations after reviewing the success and failure of the strategy.

US Secretary of State Antony Blinken said recently that the US does not seek to start a Cold War with China, and instead aims to “shape” China’s neighborhood to “change its behavior”. Most of the small South Asian countries are partners of the China-proposed Belt and Road Initiative, which naturally will be a priority target of the US’ efforts to “shape China’s neighborhood”.

China and the small South Asian countries share friendly relations. Given their past lessons, the South Asian nations may have realized that high-profile promises do not necessarily result in positive action, and thus they rebuffed the US.

For a long time, China and the small South Asian countries have shared good political, economic, trade, as well as friendly defense relations, because China does not interfere in other countries’ internal affairs.

Bangladesh, for example, imports nearly 70 percent of its main battle equipment from China, due to its high-quality performance and the absence of political conditions.

In terms of defense training, China’s cooperation with Sri Lanka has been extremely fruitful. In the past 20 years, the People’s Liberation Army has trained more than 110 Sri Lankan military officers. And the Sri Lankan people know that, among the big powers, it is only China that upholds justice, and supports the country’s sovereignty and territorial integrity.

That may explain why the small South Asian countries rejected the US offer of conditional military assistance.

Given Washington’s domineering image, many countries might feel it will force them to “take sides” visa-vis China. And judging by Nepal’s rejection of the State Partnership Program, it will certainly not be easy for the US to push ahead with its “Indo-Pacific” strategy.